Witold LutosÅawski (25 January 1913â7 February 1994) was a Polish composer and conductor, born in Warsaw and one of the leading figures of 20th-century European modernism. He studied piano and composition at the Warsaw Conservatory, and during World War II earned a living playing piano in Warsaw cafés, often in a duo with Andrzej Panufnik. His early works, including the Symphonic Variations (1938) and Concerto for Orchestra (1954), drew on neoclassicism and Polish folk music, while his Musique funèbre (1958), written in memory of Béla Bartók, marked a decisive move toward his mature modernist language. From the 1960s, LutosÅawski developed his distinctive technique of controlled aleatoricism, combining precise compositional structures with limited performer freedom, notably in the Three Postludes (1963â65), Second Symphony (1965â67), Livre pour orchestre (1968) and Cello Concerto (1970). His later works include the Third Symphony (1983), Piano Concerto (1988) and Fourth Symphony (1992). He received numerous international honors, including the UNESCO International Music Council Music Prize (1959), the Grawemeyer Award (1985) and the Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medal (1986), and died in Warsaw in 1994, aged 81.
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